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水的化学

水的化学

水的化学

以通过考试为目的,因为我的未来和我的化学无关。

我不喜欢无意义的中英文混杂。但是因为我的未来与化学无关,所以去他丫的。

第六章 原子结构

  • Electronic radiation(电磁辐射)

    • 由一些电磁过程而放出的电磁辐射。
  • The speed of light(光速)

  • Periodic(周期性)

  • $\lambda \cdot \nu = c$

  • 电磁波谱

    • /Users/duanxize/Documents/Blog/content/posts/水的化学.assets/image-20220918161223037.png
  • Quantum(量子)

    • 最小的能量单位
  • Photoelectric effect(光电效应)

    • A minimum frequency of light, different for different metals, is required for the emission of electrons.
  • Work function

    • A certain amount of energy that required for the electrons to overcome the attractive forces holding them in the metal.
  • Wave-particle duality(波粒二象性)

    • Spectrum(光谱)
      • Monochromatic (单色的)
      • Polychromatic (复色的)
      • Continuous spectrum(连续谱)
      • Line spectrum (线状谱)
  • 波尔模型

    • $\displaystyle E = -hcR_H\frac{1}{n^2}=-2.18\times {10}^{-18}\frac{1}{n^2}$ 仅仅适用于氢原子
    • Ground state:基态
    • Excited state:激发态 n=2或者更高
  • Matter Waves物质波

  • Uncertainty principle不确定性原理

    • $\begin{aligned} \Delta x \cdot \Delta(mv) \geq \frac{h}{4\pi} \end{aligned}$
  • Wave Function(波函数)

    • a series of mathematical functions that describe the electron in the atom.
    • 一系列描述原子中的电子的函数
  • Probabiliy density

    • $\Phi ^2$, 一个电子在给定位置出现的概率
  • Orbital

    • 一组波函数,由薛定谔方程的解产生。每个轨道都有一个特有的形状和能量。
  • The principal quantum number($n$)(主量子数)

    • energy level(能级),n=1,2,3,4
  • The angular momentum quantum number($l$)

    • Shape of orbital, $l=0,1,…,n-1$
  • The magnetic quantum number($m_l$)

    • Orientation(控制轨道的指向),$m_{l} = \text{interval of } [-l,l]$

    • Values of $n$ 1$\quad$ 2$\quad$ 3$\quad$ 4$\quad$
      Letter used K L M N
      Values of $l$ 0$\quad$ 1$\quad$ 2$\quad$ 3$\quad$
      Letter used s p d f
  • Electron Shell(电子层)

    • the collection of orbitals with the same value of n
  • Subshell(亚层)

    /Users/duanxize/Documents/Blog/content/posts/水的化学.assets/IMG_0520.jpeg

  • degenerate(简并)

    • 能量相同
  • electron spin

    • 电子自旋,仿佛在转
  • The spin magnetic quantum number($m_{s}$)

    • 和其他三个量子数无关,它永远取正或者负二分之一
  • Electron configuration(电子构型)

    • 电子填充轨道的方式
      • The most stable electron configuration-the ground state-is that in which the electrons are in the lowest possible energy status
      • The orbitals are filled in order of increasing energy, with no more than two electrons per orbital
  • Orbital diagram

    • Each orbital is denoted by a box and each electron by a half arrow
    • /Users/duanxize/Documents/Blog/content/posts/水的化学.assets/IMG_B0D6C4B15076-1.jpeg
  • The Pauli exclusion principle

    • an orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons and they must have opposite spins.
  • Hund’s rule:

    • For degenerate orbitals, the lowest energy state is attained when the number of electrons having the same spin is maximized.
    • The rule: filling up of the orbitals is dependent on orbital energy while removal of electrons from orbitals is dependent on orbital location.